![]() And ever since, Disney has been deeply committed to the nature documentary. Those early films, dubbed “True-Life Adventures,” were a sensation: They won Oscars and became classroom staples. Walt was beginning to think of things beyond mere animation, as the company would soon embark on making live-action features and, crucially, turning a patch of orange groves into a theme-park destination that would change the world.īut before that, Walt, inspired by his work on Bambi, would attempt a new form of storytelling - one in which the animals dictated the narrative. The year was 1948, and Disney was starting to regain its footing after a difficult period that included World War II and the animators’ strike of 1941. In the hubbub surrounding Disney’s 100th anniversary, a very cool piece of film history fell through the cracks: the fact that Walt Disney himself invented the nature documentary. *New additions are indicated with an asterisk. B 271 (Supplement).This list has been updated. Central assumptions of predator–prey models fail in a semi-natural experimental system. Population Biology: Concepts and Models (Springer, New York, 1997) Introduction to Theoretical Ecology (Harper & Row, New York, 1989) Wildlife Ecology, Conservation, and Management (Blackwell, Oxford, 2006) Graphical representation and stability conditions of predator–prey interactions. ![]() Paradox of enrichment-destabilization of exploitation ecosystems in ecological time. Profitability, encounter rates, and prey choice of African lions. Complex Population Dynamics (Princeton Univ. Food regulates the Serengeti wildebeest population: a 40-year record. Why are migratory ungulates so abundant? Am. Cooperation in male lions: kinship, reciprocity or mutualism? Anim. Roaring and numerical assessment in contests between groups of female lions Panthera leo. ![]() Why lions form groups: food is not enough. Group hunting behaviour of lions: a search for cooperation. The effect of spatial heterogeneity on population dynamics. A functional response model of a predator population foraging in a patchy habitat. How localized consumption stabilizes predator–prey systems with finite frequency of mixing. Oscillatory dynamics and spatial scale: the role of noise and unresolved pattern. Reinterpreting space, time lags, and functional responses in ecological models. Population dynamics and spatial scale: effects of system size on population persistence. Discrete consumers, small scale resource heterogeneity, and population stability. Dynamics of age-structured and spatially-structured predator–prey interactions: individual-based models and population-level formulations. Ecological change, group territoriality, and population dynamics in Serengeti lions. The nature of predation: prey dependent, ratio dependent, or neither? Trends Ecol. Predator functional responses: discriminating between handling and digesting prey. Effects of spatial grouping on the functional response of predators. Coupling in predator–prey dynamics: ratio-dependence. The components of predation as revealed by a study of small-mammal predation of the European pine sawfly. Our results suggest that social groups rather than individuals are the basic building blocks around which predator–prey interactions should be modelled and that group formation may provide the underlying stability of many ecosystems. A dynamical system model parameterized for the Serengeti ecosystem (using wildebeest ( Connochaetes taurinus) as a well-studied example) shows that grouping strongly stabilizes interactions between lions and wildebeest. The observed patterns of group formation profoundly reduce food intake rates below the levels expected under random mixing, having as strong an impact on intake rates as the seasonal migratory behaviour of the herbivores. All of the prey species typically captured by Serengeti lions ( Panthera leo) are gregarious, exhibiting nonlinear relationships between prey-group density and population density. Here we develop a new set of group-dependent functional responses to consider the ecological implications of sociality and apply the model to the Serengeti ecosystem. This assumption is seriously violated in many ecosystems in which predators and/or prey form social groups. The conceptual core of this body of theory is the functional response, predicting the rate of prey consumption by individual predators as a function of predator and/or prey densities 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Theoretical ecology is largely founded on the principle of mass action, in which uncoordinated populations of predators and prey move in a random and well-mixed fashion across a featureless landscape.
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